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- *****************************************
- * Putative AMP-binding domain signature *
- *****************************************
-
- It has been shown [1 to 5] that a number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic enzymes
- which all probably act via an ATP-dependent covalent binding of AMP to their
- substrate, share a region of sequence similarity. These enzymes are:
-
- - Insects luciferase (luciferin 4-monooxygenase) (EC 1.13.12.7). Luciferase
- produces light by catalyzing the oxidation of luciferin in presence of ATP
- and molecular oxygen.
- - Alpha-aminoadipate reductase (EC 1.2.1.31) from yeast (gene LYS2). This
- enzyme catalyzes the activation of alpha-aminoadipate by ATP-dependent
- adenylation and the reduction of activated alpha-aminoadipate by NADPH.
- - Acetate--CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.1) (acetyl-CoA synthetase), an enzyme that
- catalyzes the formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate and CoA.
- - Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.3), an enzyme that activates
- long-chain fatty acids for both the synthesis of cellular lipids and their
- degradation via beta-oxidation.
- - 4-coumarate--CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.12) (4CL), a plant enzyme that catalyzes
- the formation of 4-coumarate-CoA from 4-coumarate and coenzyme A; the
- branchpoint reactions between general phenylpropanoid metabolism and
- pathways leading to various specific end products.
- - O-succinylbenzoic acid--CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.26) (OSB-CoA synthetase) (gene
- menE) [6], a bacterial enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of menaquinone
- (vitamin K2).
- - 4-Chlorobenzoate--CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.-) (4-CBA--CoA ligase) [7], a
- Pseudomonas enzyme involved in the degradation of 4-CBA.
- - Indoleacetate--lysine ligase (EC 6.3.2.20) (IAA-lysine synthetase) [8], an
- enzyme from Pseudomonas syringae that converts indoleacetate to IAA-lysine.
- - Bile acid-CoA ligase (gene baiB) from Eubacterium strain VPI 12708 [4].
- This enzyme catalyzes the ATP-dependent formation of a variety of C-24 bile
- acid-CoA.
- - L-(alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthetase (ACV synthetase)
- from Penicillium chrysogenum (gene acvA). This enzyme catalyzes the first
- step in the biosynthesis of penicillin and cephalosporin, the formation of
- ACV from the constituent amino acids. The amino acids seem to be activated
- by adenylation. acvA is a protein of 3746 amino acids that contains three
- related domains of about 600 amino acids.
- - Gramicidin S synthetase I (gene grsA) from Bacillus brevis. This enzyme
- catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the cyclic antibiotic
- gramicidin S, the ATP-dependent racemization of phenylalanine (EC 5.1.1.11)
- - Tyrocidine synthetase I (gene tycA) from Bacillus brevis. The reaction
- carried out by tycA is identical to that catalyzed by grsA
- - Gramicidin S synthetase II (gene grsB) from Bacillus brevis. This enzyme
- is a multifunctional protein that activates and polymerizes proline,
- valine, ornithine and leucine. GrsB consists of four related domains of
- about 600 amino acids.
- - Enterobactin synthetase components E (gene entE) and F (gene entF) from
- Escherichia coli. These two enzymes are involved in the ATP-dependent
- activation of respectively 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate and serine during
- enterobactin (enterochelin) biosynthesis.
-
- There are also some proteins, whose exact function is not yet known, but which
- are, very probably, also AMP-binding enzymes. These proteins are:
-
- - ORA (octapeptide-repeat antigen), a Plasmodium falciparum protein whose
- function is not known but which shows a high degree of similarity with the
- above proteins.
- - AngR, a Vibrio anguillarum protein. AngR is thought to be a transcriptional
- activator which modulates the anguibactin (an iron-binding siderophore)
- biosynthesis gene cluster operon. But we believe [9], that angR is not a
- DNA-binding protein, but rather an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of
- anguibactin. This conclusion is based on three facts: the presence of the
- AMP-binding domain; the size of angR (1048 residues), which is far bigger
- than any bacterial transcriptional protein; and the presence of a probable
- S-acyl thioesterase immediately downstream of angR.
- - A hypothetical protein in mmsB 3'region in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- - Escherichia coli hypothetical protein yaaM.
-
- All these proteins contains a highly conserved region very rich in glycine,
- serine, and threonine which is followed by a conserved lysine. A parallel
- can be drawn [9] between this type of domain and the G-x(4)-G-K-[ST] ATP-/
- GTP-binding 'P-loop' domain or the protein kinases G-x-G-x(2)-[SG]-x(10,20)-K
- ATP-binding domains (see the relevant sections).
-
- -Consensus pattern: [LIVMFY]-x(2)-[STG](2)-G-[ST]-[STE]-[SG]-x-[PALIVM]-K
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 5.
-
- -Note: in a majority of cases the residue that follows the Lys at the end of
- the pattern is a Gly.
-
- -Last update: October 1993 / Pattern and text revised.
-
- [ 1] Toh H.
- Protein Seq. Data Anal. 4:111-117(1991).
- [ 2] Smith D.J., Earl A.J., Turner G.
- EMBO J. 9:2743-2750(1990).
- [ 3] Schroeder J.
- Nucleic Acids Res. 17:460-460(1989).
- [ 4] Mallonee D.H., Adams J.L., Hylemon P.B.
- J. Bacteriol. 174:2065-2071(1992).
- [ 5] Turgay K., Krause M., Marahiel M.A.
- Mol. Microbiol. 6:529-546(1992).
- [ 6] Driscoll J.R., Taber H.W.
- J. Bacteriol. 174:5063-5071(1992).
- [ 7] Babbitt P.C., Kenyon G.L., Matin B.M., Charest H., Sylvestre M.,
- Scholten J.D., Chang K.-H., Liang P.-H., Dunaway-Mariano D.
- Biochemistry 31:5594-5604(1992).
- [ 8] Farrell D.H., Mikesell P., Actis L.A., Crosa J.H.
- Gene 86:45-51(1990).
- [ 9] Bairoch A.
- Unpublished observations (1991).
-